What Predictions Made 50-100 Years Ago Can Tell Us

What Predictions Made 50-100 Years Ago Can Tell Us

Flying taxi depicted by artist 100 years ago

     A century ago the human race was doing what we do best, imagining. Speculations were being formed pertaining to the life-style and innovations to come in the 21st century. Speculations made 100 years ago include the hopes that we would have flying taxis that carry us to the moon and back whenever we like and post cards that are able to be projected like a motion picture. Although both of these are not really things in the 21st century, in half a century the speculations began to become more realistic.

     The people of the 50's and 60's speculated of what magnificent events and creations were to come in the 21st century; these speculations included ideas set forth by author Arthur C. Clark. In 1964 Arthur proposed many predictions in his books such as self driving cars, leaps in care-free communication, "deep freezing" (the act of successfully cryogenically freezing someone), the ability to print 3D items, the prediction of the absolution of currency, and even the prediction of his own well being at age one-hundred on "the Hilton Orbiter" (Other predictions by other people include ones such as the robot soldier). Many of these came true such as the aspect of care free communication, which is now available to nearly everyone because of the leaps in technology such as the internet and smartphones. Another prediction that came true is the prediction of humans having the ability to cryogenically freeze one in order to preserve their body for future advances in technology. Although some of the speculations made are not yet a reality to the 21st century, many came true. The predictions made by previous generations can help keep us in touch with our ancestors wishes and to not loose sight in what once was sought to be important. As humans being the ones who are now making speculations it is important for us to understand our play in the future of humanity. Humans as individuals have control of their actions and henceforth the future of others whom they impact with their decisions, but because one cannot control the actions of another the control that humans as individuals can also be viewed as miniscule. Aside from this, the importance of dreaming and hoping for innovations in the future has not lost its' importance, for without dreams there would not be dream chasers, and henceforth we would not experience leaps in technology and innovations as we do now. 

How Bare Knuckle Boxing Was Molded Into Sanctioned Boxing in 1880-1920

How Bare Knuckle Boxing Was Molded Into Sanctioned Boxing in 1880-1920

1650 B.C.E. boxing

From 1880 to 1920 the sport of boxing was molded into the sport we know and love today. The art and the sport of boxing that is present in today’s main stream sports media derived from more primitive versions of fighting that underwent significant change from the years 1880 to 1920. Modern boxing techniques, rules and safety regulations, and cultural diversity were formed from those first adopted and modified in the late 1800’s. According to experts, hand to hand combat for entertainment dates back to parts of Egypt in 4000 B.C.. The sport grew in popularity and spread to Ethiopia; from Ethiopia it traveled to parts of the Mediterranean and the Middle East. In 686 B.C. the most primitive form of boxing became an essential event in the Olympics, and thus began the beginning of the sport's journey around the globe. Eventually primitive forms of boxing were practiced in Rome as specialized gladiator matches, one of which each opponent was given metal gloves and fought until the other was incapacitated.These earliest forms of hand-to-hand combat entertainment continued to evolve with society and gave way to socially legitimized and semi-professional bare knuckle fighting, or pugilism, in places such as England and Ireland during the 1700's. 

     Bare knuckle boxing, referred to many as "the original boxing", is a primitive form of boxing which was brought to America in the early 1700's from England and Ireland. This style of boxing was popular with drunkards and bar dwellers, for the sport was not yet sanctioned by any professional sports organizations nor was it legal in the majority of states.The fighting styles of bare knuckle boxing, or pugilism, in the early 1800's reflected the not yet professional aspect of the sport, for the fighters would most often use sloppy punching technique and would use grappling techniques such as throws, arm locks, chokes, and even kicks. The rules of bare knuckle boxing varied from whichever type of fight one was taking place in. Due to the non-legitimacy of pugilism as a sport many different rules and forms of bare knuckle boxing existed, of which were chosen by the fighters. An example of an early 1800's form of pugilism is an Irish stand down; this form of bare knuckle boxing dictates that all aspects of maneuvering around the ring is removed, leaving both opponents to take and give punches. Matches that involve techniques such as the Irish stand down often would take place due to a quarrel between two men, some would simply call it a brawl with wages and fans. 

present day pro boxing gloves

1800s boxing gloves

     As time progressed so did the sport of bare knuckle boxing, by 1838 there were enough people infatuated with the sport to make it possible for one to make a living off of fighting. Rules needed to be made and thus a previous bare knuckle boxing champion named Jack Broughton wrote a series of rules known as the "London Prize Ring Rules". These rules hold a very close resemblance to modern day boxing rules, for example the new rules made it illegal to hit one's opponent bellow the belt, and if one of the opponents are knocked down for ten second then the opposing fighter wins. Broughton introduced the notion of using "mufflers" (a protective wrap to go around boxers hands to protect themselves)  in matches, versus the previous notions of only using one's fists. These "mufflers" gave way to better forms of protection such as true padded boxing gloves, but at the time, mufflers were not mandatory for fighters to wear. Soon after in 1867 a man named John Gram proposed the "Queensberry Rules", which state that all fighters must wear padded gloves and other rules still used today in modern boxing. This new set of rules were considered very controvercial but by 1889 the Queensberry Rules were non-contested. Eben Pindyck,  a leading author for The New Yorker, stated that “from 1880 to 1945, nearly two-thirds of confirmed boxing deaths happened in the U.S., while from 1946 to 2010, only a third of the deaths happened here” (stated in his article "An Obsessive Chronicle of Deaths in the Ring"). The data presented by Mr. Pindyck shows that although the Queenberry Rule was in effect during this time, boxers still died. This is because the Queensberry Rule merely kicked started the safety movement, but the quality boxing gloves in the late 1800's and early 1900's versus the quality in boxing gloves in the late 1900's to early 2000's is no comparison. The better the defense the boxer has, the less brain injury he gets and the less likely they are to die from boxing related injuries. Without the Queensberry rule improving on basic safety rules and forcing boxers to wear gloves it began the decline in death of boxers, because without this rule there would have been more fatalities due to the lack of gloves. Many people refer to Jack Broughton as the "father of boxing" because of the initial strides he made with safety and imposed rules, but with better safety equipment such as true padded boxing gloves, boxers not only were safer but had to learn to compensate for the lack of power that the gloves provided. Many future boxing legends such as Muhammed Ali owe their success and their fighting style to Broughton, for Ali was amongst the first to utilize speed, rather than power due to the difficulty of power punches with gloves, to win boxing matches and revolutionize the game.

John L. Sullivan

     As time passed, the art of bare knuckle boxing took a step back from the public's eyes as sanctioned boxing took off. In 1880 the A.B.A., American Boxing Association, was founded and shortly after, the ASA/ABF was established (Amateur Sporting/Boxing Association) in order to be able to conduct annual national championships and belt titles. By 1888 bare knuckle boxing was not sanctioned in 38 states and the Queensberry Code was being strictly enforced. In some states, such as Mississippi, rewards for as much as 1,500 dollars was being offered to anyone who caught pugilist illegally fighting. Legendary boxers were made such as John L. Sullivan, an American Irish heavy weight champion in both bare knuckle boxing and sanctioned heavy weight boxing. The last true bare knuckle boxing match occurred in 1888 between John L. Sullivan, the defending boxing heavy weight champion and his challenger Jake Kilrain. Sullivan won, and continued his boxing career as the last, heavy weight bare knuckle boxing champion and still reigning heavy weight boxing champion.

The sport of bare knuckle boxing was put to rest after the Sullivan match and the American public now moved their eyes solely the sport of sanctioned boxing. The 1900's gave way to a new era of boxers; American Italian, Irish, German, Jewish, and black boxers stepped into the ring and fought for equality. In 1915 the vast majority of boxers were Irish immigrants; this was due to the vast number of Irish immigrants in America at the time and the financial/social situations of said American Irish men. Throughout the 19th century the Irish stand down, although no longer sanctioned nor legal, continued to be popular in the underground fighting community and was immensely present in the Irish American ghettos. One can easily see the cultural influence of this form of pugilism by observing the slang that originated from said fighting style that is still used today. The term "toe to toe", a term of which the definition is "in close combat or at close quarters" ( thefreedictionary.com), is a phrase that originated from the fighting style of going toe to toe, or otherwise known as the Irish stand down. Following the Irish boxing era, set forth by legends such as Sullivan, was the recognition of other cultures and ethnicities such as the Germans and Jewish boxers. Short after in 1920 was the rise of the American Italian boxer era, but it was not until 1929 (the end of the Great Depression) that the persecution of black boxers seised. The black boxing community underwent a series of degrading and unjust verdicts such as the recolection of a black champion's title due to his skin color and the refusal of allowing black boxers to challenge for the championship, but finally boxing equality was achieved. The cultural diversity of the boxing community from 1880 - 1920 made it possible for those such as Muhammad Ali, Floyd Jackson, and Mike Tyson to be the birth of a new era of boxing.

Jack Johnson, the first black champ

"Jack" Dempsy - Irish American boxer - heavy weight champion

     The present sport of sanctionized boxing began with glove free non-sanctioned hand-hand combat in 4,000 B.C., but until 1880-1920 that is all it was. Within a forty year time span a new American passion was founded, and out of the ashes of an outdated art came boxing legends such as Sullivan. Bare knuckle boxing, or pugilism, molded the sport of boxing into the sport we love today. The years of 1880 to 1920 impacted modern day boxing by giving birth to modern day boxing rules, techniques and safety features, and by abolishing cultural discrimination within the sport. The abolishment of bare knuckle boxing gave birth to a new era of fighting sports and to a new era of fighters.

The Oakland Ghost Ship Warehouse Fire

     The Ghost Ship Warehouse was a place for musical gatherings such as the one that happening the night of the fire (an electronic music performance). The warehouse was also a place of lodging for variety of artists.Last tuesday a tragic fire broke out on the first floor due to fatly electrical overload on the first floor. Because of the staircases being hidden in plain sight by the clutter in the warehouse, people were forced to scramble to find an exit. This shuffle left 36 people dead. Electrical overload caused by the non-conventional wiring system on the first floor to combust. Due to the exit routes being so complicated and the closest staircase being non-efficient, many people were caught in the confusion and died due to smoke inhalation and burns. Both fires were caused by a lack of safety precautions taken by the owner. The Triangle Fire deaths were due to the locked door that would have provided an alternate exit to the workers if unlocked. The Oakland Ghost Ship fire was disastrous because of many non-existent safety features such as sprinkler systems, smoke detectors, a clear exit route, and proper electrical wiring/routing. Both of these incidents could have been prevented if the owners would have taken the safety of their employees/customers into consideration during the time of the fires.

                                         Above is the Ghost Ship Warehouse before the fire

                                         Above is the Ghost Ship Warehouse after the fire

Sources: 

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/12/us/oakland-warehouse-ghost-ship-fire.html?_r=0

http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2016/12/11/oakland-fire-ghost-ship-last-hours/

https://trianglefire.ilr.cornell.edu/story/introduction.html

Crazy Horse

     Crazy Horse was one of the most influential Indian chiefs in American history. He was born c. 1840 as a member of the Olga Sioux tribe, which was one of the largest at the time. He was born with the name Tashunka Witco, and eventually was called Cray Horse. Many scholars believe that his unique name was passed on from his father after he showed promise as a great warrior. In his life he joined a with Cheyenne forces in order to organize a surprise attack against General Cook, in 1877. He also joined forces with Sitting Bull during the battle of Little Bighorn, which they were very victorious. He died in 1877; he was killed after surrendering to the U.S. army after being involved in a skirmish with guards.

Crazy Horse

Painting depicting the battle of Little Big Horn

https://crazyhorsememorial.org/
I got my information on how he acquired his name here.

www.history.com
This is were I found my information about him and Sitting Bull joining forces against General Cook.

www.historynet.org
I found how he died here.

The use of wrongful diction upon Indians in 1887

     The activity that I am participating in was given to me by my U.S. History teacher. The activity requires one to research the multiple definitions of the words "savage" and "savagery", and to utilize these findings by writing a response to a given question. The question given is "If you were an American student reading this text as part of your schoolwork, how would that shape the way you viewed Native Americans?" The question calls upon the respondent, myself, to step into the shoes of an student reading the articles in 1887 and to decide how they would impact my views on Native Americans. The definitions I acquired for the word "savage" are the following...
- [adj.] (of an animal or force of nature) fierce, violent, and uncontrolled 
- [noun] (chiefly in historical or literary context) a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized
- [verb] (especially of a dog or wild animal) attack ferociously and maul
The definitions I accumulated for "savagery" are the following...
- [noun] 1. the quality of being fierce or cruel 2. (chiefly in historical or literary context) the condition of being primitive or uncivilized

         By using the definitions I acquired I am able to accurately portray what impact the articles would have on a student in 1887. By the undedstanding that these two words, savage and savegry, could both be used as slang pertaining to the Native Americans, often portraying these people as uncivilized almost animal like. On page 25 paragraph nine of the online book the old history textbook states "Some English were killed by the savages..." this, along with many other points in the passage, could easily envoke fear or anger in the reader. The book speaks of the Native Americans as "the savages" which not only subjectifies them, but also classifies the people in a group which is responsible for acts of which are popular of animals. The reader could wrongfully learn that the Native Americans were fighting to fight, and killing because of their "savage state". 

     The online Textbook from which I acquired the information to base opinions on is captured in the following link. https://archive.org/stream/conciseschoolhis02camp and I acquired the definitions from  the default google feedback from the action of searching "savage definitions" and "savagery definitions".

Legitimacy of Movies in History - In Class Essay

      To question movies as a legitimate and effective way of teaching is to question the very importance of learning by seeing and hearing. Through cinematic learning one can effectively learn and observe not only the awe striking moments in history such as battles, but movies are also able to accurately depict the daily lives and attitudes that simply cannot be conveyed on paper. One might question the legitimacy of cinematic learning due to the multiple variables that might lead to inaccurate representation of history, one of these being the motivation to gain revenue in the box offices. Though this can be the case it is important for one to look upon these "inaccuracies" as creative scenes, possibly inserted in order to emphasize an important portion of history that is otherwise not present. Movies can aid in the learning of U.S. history by showing the daily lives of characters and by exaggerating or manifesting scenes to accurately portray their historical importance. In the movie Glory, one can easily depict how the directer accurately portrayed the daily lives of the soldiers. 

     In many cases, people find it difficult to accurately imagine daily lives of past generations and circumstances. For example, it is challenging for a 21st century student to imagine the daily lives of black soldiers in the civil war. It is neither negligence or another form of arrogance that prevents this, simply the fact that given privileges found in todays society, such as sanitary hospitals 

or shoes for soldiers, were not available to the mass in WWI.  The daily life of black soldiers in      

the civil war can be difficult for one to imagine, for it differentiates from society's norms in todays world in such a level that only movies can accurately teach this subject accurately. In the movie Glory one can observe the graphic scenes in which Denzel Washington's feet were severely mauled due to the lack of shoes and the presence of unforgiving terrain and conditions. Moments like this can only be describes as gruesomely effective in envying empathy in the audience. By showing scenes such as this directors can involve senses that the audience has never used to learn, such as sound and visuals. One cannot know the sound of gunfire and screams of agony on the battle accompanied by the showing of wounds, such as Denzel's, from a text book. These details, although not favored by some movie goers, are crucial for a cinematic learning experience and are what truly differentiate learning by watching a movie from reading and discussing topics. Many teachers may desire to support cinematic learning, but worry due to the possibility of historical inaccuracy brought upon by the director. This fear, while justifiable, is futile in many cases. This is so due to the fact that many producers and/or directors purposefully enter or alter a scene in order to convey an aspect, for learning purposes, not previously available to the audience.

   

 Shoes worn by soldiers during the Civil War

   

      What many consider historical inaccuracies, others claim to legitimatize the so called inaccuracies as creative interpretation used to accurately portray events. The audience can observe this, in cinematic experience, 12 Years a Slave when Solomon is woken by Patsey in the prime of the night. Patsey, a fellow slave, begs Solomon to set her free by ending her life and hiding her body in the swamp. The emotions portrayed in this scene truly curdles the audience's blood, for the thought of conditions that would be present to evoke this mindset must truly be Hell. Historically, this encounter never happened. In fact, it was Mistress Epps who confronted Solomon in the night in order to bribe him, with gold, to murder Patsey and hide her corpse in the swamp. Although history does not tell us the encounter did not occur between Patsey and Solomon, history does convey Hell like conditions in which many would die or commit suicide to escape. The director/producers took the liberty of changing this encounter with Solomon because an opportunity was seen to aid in giving insight to the life of black slaves in the South. By seizing the opportunity and changing the scene the director/producers invoked rightful empathy in the audience and aided in their learning experience.

                                                  Patsey and Solomon interaction in 12 Years a Slave. (http://www.slate.com)

     The abundance of variables that may, and often do, cause historical innacuracies in movies is frightening. But with the right approach, that being attentive listening and note taking, cinematic learning offers more than that of a textbook. By using visual and auditory effects and by the alteration of scenes movies give necessary insight to the daily lives of past generations. 

Works Cited

The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2016.

 

By Inaccurately Depicting the 54th as a Regiment of Former Slaves, Glory Reveals the Deeper Truth 

     That Blacks in General Were Not the Natural Slaves That Southerners Believed Them to Be and That Abolitionists Feared That They Might Be. “Who Asks Now. "Editorials." Ashbrook. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2016. 

Morgan, PHILIP D. "Slavery Counterpoint." New York Times. NY Times, n.d. Web. 

Northup, Solomon, Sue Eakin L., and Joseph Logsdon. Twelve Years a Slave. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1968. Print. 

"Slavery; Human Trafficking." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2016.